SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 280 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    3420, 3423, 3912, 3430, 3429, 3437, 3436, 
    3438, 6959, 3425, 6958, 6960, 6968, 
    6961, 6964, 6957, 6956, 6954, 6955, 
    6948, 3914, 3913, 6950, 6949, 3477, 
    3452, 3478, 3479, 3453, 3491, 3488, 
    3497, 3495, 3489, 3492, 3496, 3490, 
    3494, 6951, 3502, 3503, 3493, 3498, 
    3428, 3433, 3432, 3419, 3418, 6946, 
    6945, 3411, 3415, 3417, 6942, 3410, 
    3413, 3416, 6940, 3414, 6938, 6941, 
    6944, 3412, 6937, 6939, 6943, 3165, 
    3139, 3140, 6712, 6713, 3135, 5802, 
    6970, 6971, 6972, 6973, 6974, 6975, 
    3403, 3404, 3405, 3406, 3408, 3409, 
    6930, 6931, 6932, 6933, 6934, 6935, 
    6936, 3407, 2666, 3845, 2667
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00302

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "70.92"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "3.42"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "4.54",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "4.70",
              "data_read_per_join": "6K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "gaseus.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 110,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "1.94",
            "index_condition": "(`gaseus`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (3420,3423,3912,3430,3429,3437,3436,3438,6959,3425,6958,6960,6968,6961,6964,6957,6956,6954,6955,6948,3914,3913,6950,6949,3477,3452,3478,3479,3453,3491,3488,3497,3495,3489,3492,3496,3490,3494,6951,3502,3503,3493,3498,3428,3433,3432,3419,3418,6946,6945,3411,3415,3417,6942,3410,3413,3416,6940,3414,6938,6941,6944,3412,6937,6939,6943,3165,3139,3140,6712,6713,3135,5802,6970,6971,6972,6973,6974,6975,3403,3404,3405,3406,3408,3409,6930,6931,6932,6933,6934,6935,6936,3407,2666,3845,2667))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "44.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.34",
              "prefix_cost": "66.30",
              "data_read_per_join": "54"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "gaseus.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.85",
              "eval_cost": "0.34",
              "prefix_cost": "67.50",
              "data_read_per_join": "54"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}