SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 267 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    6962, 6966, 6967, 6965, 6963, 6952, 6953, 
    6947, 6959, 3425, 6958, 6960, 6968, 
    6961, 6964, 6957, 6956, 6954, 6955, 
    6948, 6950, 6949, 6946, 6945, 3414, 
    6938, 6941, 6944, 3412, 6937, 6939, 
    6943, 6970, 6971, 6972, 6973, 6974, 
    6975
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00344

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "69.17"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "2.12"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "4.54",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "4.70",
              "data_read_per_join": "6K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "gaseus.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 110,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "1.21",
            "index_condition": "(`gaseus`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (6962,6966,6967,6965,6963,6952,6953,6947,6959,3425,6958,6960,6968,6961,6964,6957,6956,6954,6955,6948,6950,6949,6946,6945,3414,6938,6941,6944,3412,6937,6939,6943,6970,6971,6972,6973,6974,6975))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "44.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.21",
              "prefix_cost": "66.30",
              "data_read_per_join": "33"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "gaseus.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.53",
              "eval_cost": "0.21",
              "prefix_cost": "67.05",
              "data_read_per_join": "33"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
3412 282,267,288M 0
3414 282,267,288M 0
3425 282,267,284M,312 0
6937 282,267,288M 0
6938 282,267,288M 0
6939 282,267,288M 0
6941 282,267,288M 0
6943 282,267,288M 0
6944 282,267,288M 0
6945 282,267,288M 0
6946 282,267,288M 0
6947 292M,282,267 0
6948 282,272M,267 0
6949 282,272M,267 0
6950 282,272M,267 0
6952 282,267,301M 0
6953 282,267,301M 0
6954 282,267,301M 0
6955 282,267,301M 0
6956 282,267,301M 0
6957 282,267,301M 0
6958 282,267,284M,312 0
6959 282,267,284M,312 0
6960 282,267,284M,312 0
6961 283,282M,267 0
6962 283,282M,267 0
6963 283,282M,267 0
6964 283,282M,267 0
6965 283,282M,267 0
6966 283,282M,267 0
6967 283,282M,267 0
6968 283M,282,267 0
6970 282,267,284M,312 0
6971 282,267,284M,312 0
6972 282,267,284M,312 0
6973 282,267,284M,312 0
6974 282,267,284M,312 0
6975 282,267,284M,312 0