SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 265 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    6358, 6359, 6360, 6361, 6362, 6363, 6364, 
    6365, 6431, 6432, 6433, 6434, 6435, 
    6436, 6437, 6438, 6439, 6440, 6441, 
    6442, 6443, 6444, 6445, 6446, 6447, 
    6526, 6527, 6528, 6529, 6530, 6531, 
    6532, 6533, 6534, 6615, 6616, 6617, 
    6618, 6619, 6620, 6621, 6622, 2272, 
    2273, 2274, 2275, 2276, 2340, 2341, 
    2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 
    2348, 2421, 2422, 2423, 2424, 2425, 
    2426, 2427, 2428, 2429, 2430, 2431, 
    2432, 2433, 2434, 2435, 2436, 2437, 
    2438, 2519, 2520, 2521, 2522, 2523, 
    2524, 2525, 2526, 2527, 2608, 2609, 
    2610, 2611, 2612, 2613, 2614, 2615, 
    2616, 5872, 5873, 5874, 5875
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.01450

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "68.46"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "1.60"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "4.54",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "4.70",
              "data_read_per_join": "6K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "gaseus.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 110,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "0.91",
            "index_condition": "(`gaseus`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (6358,6359,6360,6361,6362,6363,6364,6365,6431,6432,6433,6434,6435,6436,6437,6438,6439,6440,6441,6442,6443,6444,6445,6446,6447,6526,6527,6528,6529,6530,6531,6532,6533,6534,6615,6616,6617,6618,6619,6620,6621,6622,2272,2273,2274,2275,2276,2340,2341,2342,2343,2344,2345,2346,2347,2348,2421,2422,2423,2424,2425,2426,2427,2428,2429,2430,2431,2432,2433,2434,2435,2436,2437,2438,2519,2520,2521,2522,2523,2524,2525,2526,2527,2608,2609,2610,2611,2612,2613,2614,2615,2616,5872,5873,5874,5875))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "44.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "66.30",
              "data_read_per_join": "25"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "gaseus.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.40",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "66.86",
              "data_read_per_join": "25"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
2272 308M
2273 308M
2274 308M
2275 308M
2276 308M
2340 308M
2341 308M
2342 308M
2343 308M
2344 308M
2345 308M
2346 308M
2347 308M
2348 308M
2421 308M
2422 308M
2423 308M
2424 308M
2425 308M
2426 308M
2427 308M
2428 308M
2429 308M
2430 308M
2431 308M
2432 308M
2433 308M
2434 308M
2435 308M
2436 308M
2437 308M
2438 308M
2519 308M
2520 308M
2521 308M
2522 308M
2523 308M
2524 308M
2525 308M
2526 308M
2527 308M
2608 308M
2609 308M
2610 308M
2611 308M
2612 308M
2613 308M
2614 308M
2615 308M
2616 308M
5872 308M
5873 308M
5874 308M
5875 308M
6358 308M
6359 308M
6360 308M
6361 308M
6362 308M
6363 308M
6364 308M
6365 308M
6431 308M
6432 308M
6433 308M
6434 308M
6435 308M
6436 308M
6437 308M
6438 308M
6439 308M
6440 308M
6441 308M
6442 308M
6443 308M
6444 308M
6445 308M
6446 308M
6447 308M
6526 308M
6527 308M
6528 308M
6529 308M
6530 308M
6531 308M
6532 308M
6533 308M
6534 308M
6615 308M
6616 308M
6617 308M
6618 308M
6619 308M
6620 308M
6621 308M
6622 308M