SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 308 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 
    1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 5299, 5300, 
    5301, 5302, 5303, 5304, 5305, 5306, 
    5307, 5308, 5309, 5310, 5311, 5312, 
    5313, 5314, 5315, 5316, 5317, 5318, 
    5319, 5320, 5321, 5322, 5323, 5324, 
    5325, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 
    1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 
    1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 
    1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 
    1650, 1651, 1652, 5326, 5327, 5328, 
    5329, 5330, 5331, 5332, 5333, 5334, 
    5335, 5336, 5337, 5338, 5339, 5340, 
    5341, 5342, 5343, 5344, 5345, 5346, 
    5347, 5348, 5349, 5350, 5351, 5352, 
    2832, 2833, 2834, 2835, 6417
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00314

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "68.50"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "1.63"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "4.54",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "4.70",
              "data_read_per_join": "6K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`gaseus`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "gaseus.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 110,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "0.93",
            "index_condition": "(`gaseus`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,5299,5300,5301,5302,5303,5304,5305,5306,5307,5308,5309,5310,5311,5312,5313,5314,5315,5316,5317,5318,5319,5320,5321,5322,5323,5324,5325,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,5326,5327,5328,5329,5330,5331,5332,5333,5334,5335,5336,5337,5338,5339,5340,5341,5342,5343,5344,5345,5346,5347,5348,5349,5350,5351,5352,2832,2833,2834,2835,6417))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "44.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "66.30",
              "data_read_per_join": "26"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "gaseus.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.41",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "66.87",
              "data_read_per_join": "26"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}