SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    3775, 3776, 3777, 1143, 1139, 1140, 1141, 
    1142, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 
    4890, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211, 
    2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2216, 5808, 
    5809, 5810, 5811, 5812, 5813, 5814, 
    5815, 5816, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 
    1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 
    1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00193

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "34.06"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 49,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 9,
        "filtered": "20.00",
        "index_condition": "(`gaseus`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (3775,3776,3777,1143,1139,1140,1141,1142,3681,3682,3683,3684,3685,4890,2207,2208,2209,2210,2211,2212,2213,2214,2215,2216,5808,5809,5810,5811,5812,5813,5814,5815,5816,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "33.08",
          "eval_cost": "0.98",
          "prefix_cost": "34.06",
          "data_read_per_join": "235"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`gaseus`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`gaseus`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}